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CN (Carbon Neutrality): Status and Limitations

Abnormal climate of the global village
If the current abnormal climate continues, human kind will soon be doomed.


The abnormal climate (extreme heat and drought, heavy snowfall, heavy rain, etc.) is caused by a rise in earth's temperature: Since industrialization, the earth's average temperature has risen by 1.5ᴼC.	The reason for global warming is that greenhouse gases (gases that absorb and reflect heat given off by the earth) cover the earth.	90% of greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2).

Carbon Neutrality (Carbon Net Zero)

It means reducing greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible, absorbing the remaining

greenhouse gas (by forests, etc.), and removing (by capturing, storing, utilizing),

resulting in actual emission of zero (net zero).

UN

SOUTH KOREA

1997 Kyoto Protocol: Obligations for developed countries

2015 Paris Agreement: Adopted by developed and developing countries, entered into force on November 4, 2016

2016.11.3 Ratification of the Paris Agreement

Each country agreed to submit Long-term low greenhouse gas Emission

Development Strategies (LEDS) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC).

Paris Agreement: "Keep the global average temperature rise well below 2ᴼC

compared to pre-industrial levels and strive to limit it to 1.5ᴼC."

To curb the global temperature rise within 1.5ᴼC, a transition to a Carbon Neutrality society

with zero carbon emission by 2050 is needed.

Current status of the global village:
It has experienced difficulties in realizing the global village agreement.

National egoism and heterogeneity were manifested.

Greenhouse gas emissions increased again due to increased

production activities of U.S during the Trump presidency

and China amid the recent ’With COVID-19 era’

“We have to choose between a joint response to climate change through GHG reduction or mass suicide”

2022.7.11 Antonio Guterres (UN Secretary General)

"Our response to climate change is the same as the 400 police officers who stood outside the unlocked doors of a Texas elementary school the other day, hearing gunshots and screams from inside the classroom, and no one did anything. Time is running out."

2022.7.24 Al Gore (Former US Vice President, environmental activist)

Land Degradation Neutrality and UNCCD

Land Degradation Neutrality

Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) is a concept of restoring degraded forests or land to solve desertification, forests, and land degradation of the earth and setting the net increase rate of land degradation to zero as a whole by preventing additional land degradation.

Current situation and problems

Already 70% of the earth's unglaciated land area has been modified by humans,

and (according to a 2016 study by IFPRI) 29% of the earth's soil is already degraded,

with an additional 2 billion hectares of soil being degraded every year.

If this trend continues, the planet's environment will eventually become more volatile

(causing unprecedented droughts, floods, etc.) and soon become uninhabitable.

Rapid Increase of LDN Domain:

Problem in ice-covered land: Massive eruption of methane gas from Siberian

permafrost due to the increase of earth's temperature.

UNCCD and LDN

The UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), one of the UN's three major environmental conventions (UNCCD, UNFCCC, and UNCBD), was adopted in 1994 to prevent land degradation, and currently, a total of 197 countries participate. The first Conference of the Parties (COP) was held in Rome, Italy, in 1997;

the 10th was held in Changwon, South Korea, in 2011 (the Changwon Initiative played a key role in establishing the mission and identity of the UNCCD, which was launched to combat desertification, with Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) as a key concept); and the 16th COP is scheduled to be held in Saudi Arabia in 2024.

At the 26th UNFCCC (COP 26) held in 2021, heads of state announced the ‘Glasgow Summit Declaration on Forests and Land Use’, which expressed their commitment to preventing forest loss and land degradation and restoring them. As land-based solutions are emphasized as natural-based solutions to respond to climate change effectively, the role and importance of UNCCD in charge of LDN are being highlighted.

Byong Hyon Kwon, UNCCD’s Land Ambassador, said,
“CN (Carbon Neutrality) has spread as a global challenge under the supervision of UNFCCC,

but in the future, LDN will be rather more problematic and important than CN.”

지구촌의 이상기후

현재의 이상기후가 지속되면 인류는 곧 멸망

이상기후(폭염, 폭설, 폭우 등)는 지구의 온도가

올라갔기 때문: 산업화 이후 평균 1.5˚C 상승

온난화는 온실가스
(지구가 발산하는 열을 흡수, 반사하는 기체)가
지구를 덮고 있기 때문

온실가스 구성의 90%는 이산화탄소(CO2)

탄소 중립

(Carbon Neutrality = Carbon Net Zero)

온실가스 배출을 최대한 줄이고,

남은 온실가스는 흡수(산림 등), 제거(포집, 저장, 활용)해서

실질적 배출량이 0 (net zero) 되는 것

UN Global

South Korea

1997 교토의정서:
선진국에 의무 부여

2015 파리협정:
선진국&개도국 채택,
2016.11.4 발효

2016.11.3
파리협정 비준

- 각국이 장기저탄소발전전략(LEDS)과 국가온실가스감축목표(NDC)
제출을 합의

- LEDS: Long-term low greenhouse gas Emission
Development Strategies

- NDC: Nationally Determined Contribution

자국이기주의 발현

트럼프 시절의 미국,
작금의 중국

‘위드 코로나’ 속에
생산활동 증가로

온실가스 배출량이 다시
늘어남

“우리는 온실가스 저감을 통한 기후변화에 공동대응 하느냐

아니면 집단자살이냐 중 하나를 골라야 한다.”

2022.7.11 Antonio Guterres (UN 사무총장)

“기후변화에 관한 우리의 대응은, 얼마 전 텍사스 초교의

잠기지 않은 문 밖에서 400명 경찰들이 교실 내 총소리와
비명을 듣고 아무도 나서지 않았던 것과 같다. 시간이 없다”

2022.7.24 Al Gore (전 미 부통령, 환경운동가)

정 부

국제사회와의 약속이라 ‘2030 NDC 40%’ 수정하기 어려움. 인수위 시절부터 ‘40% 준수’ 입장 견지. 하지만 탄소중립 정책의 컨트롤타워인 민관합동의 2050 탄소중립녹생성장위원회는 현재 목표 실현에 많은 어려움 직면

기 업

약 90%가 ‘탄소중립을 추진하고 있다’고 하지만, 반 정도는 ‘시작 단계’에 있으면서, 방법을 몰라 함. CBAM(탄소국경조정제도, 탄소국경세) 같은 현실적 문제(무역장벽)가 곧 실행되기에 기업입장에서 탄소감축은 필수

국 민

ESG의 유행과 더불어 기후환경에 대한 인식이 높아감. 특히 MZ세대는 의사결정의 주요 기준이 됨. 기업의 ESG 활동을 투명하게 감시하려 하고, 소비와 투자에서도 기업의 환경관련 활동을 중시함.

국민, 기업, 관/지자체가 자발적으로, 스스로의 이익/보상을 위하여 다같이 참여하는 생태계의 형성이 필요.

법규나 강요에 의한 참여가 아니라 자발성과 투명성이 보장되어야 하고,

참여하는 모든 주체(국민, 기업, 관/기관)의 input 대비 output이 커야(보상성) 지속가능 함.

따라서 새로운 관점/기술/방법의 결합으로 쉽고 즐거운 참여와 충분한 보상이 이룩되는 접근법이 필요함.

Land Degradation Neutrality

LDN(토지황폐화중립)은 지구의 사막화, 산림 및 토지황폐화를 해결하기 위해 황폐화된 산림이나 토지를 복원하고, 추가적인 토지 황폐화를 막아 전체적으로 토지황폐화 순증가율을 0(zero)으로 하자는 개념이다.

현황과 문제점

지구에서 얼음으로 덥히지 않은 면적 중 이미 70%가 인간에 의해 변형되었는데, (IFPRI의 2016년 연구에 의하면) 전체 지구토양의 29%가 이미 황폐화되었고 매년 20억 헥타의 토양이 추가적으로 황폐화되고 있다고 한다. 이런 추세가 지속되면 결국 지구의 환경이 더욱 급변 (역사에 없던 가뭄,홍수 등을 유발)하고 곧 인간이 살지 못하는 땅으로 변질되고 만다.

LDN영역의 급속 확대

얼음으로 덥혔던 곳 또한 문제 발생—'지구온도 상승으로 시베리아 영구동토 속 매탄가스 대규모 분출'

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